VORTEX ARCHIVE
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Interceptors

Armored, purpose-built vehicles engineered to drive up to — or directly into — a tornado and survive, plus the lighter support vehicles that ride the edges of the wind field around them.

02 — ARMORED VEHICLES

Interceptors

Built to drive directly into a tornado's core and survive the impact.

Dominator 1
SRV Dominator series
A modified 2007 Chevrolet Tahoe fitted with bulletproof sheet metal, transparent Lexan armor, an external roll cage and racing harnesses. Built to get "as close as humanly possible" rather than to punch through the vortex itself.
Creator
Reed Timmer, with Kevin Barton & Terry Rosema
Debuted
2009 chase season
Notable Intercept
June 5, 2009 — LaGrange, WY, recorded a 155.2 mph gust inside a rope tornado
Dominator 2
SRV Dominator series
Built on a 2011 GMC Yukon XL with a fully sealed, more aerodynamic outer shell, higher-quality steel armor, swiveling rear seats and anchoring spikes to handle stronger tornadoes than Dominator 1 could safely face.
Creator
Reed Timmer
Debuted
May 2011, central Oklahoma outbreak
Notable Event
May 31, 2013 — damaged intercepting the record-width El Reno, OK tornado
Dominator 3
SRV Dominator series
A ~10,000 lb "tornado tank" built on a Ford F-350 Super Duty, rated to withstand winds up to 200 mph. Features Kevlar-coated gull-wing doors, hydraulic ground-anchoring spikes, an air-bag suspension that lowers the body toward the ground, and a roof-mounted rocket launcher for parachute probes.
Creator
Reed Timmer
Built
2012–2013
Est. Cost
~$750,000 all-in, per Timmer
TIV 1
Tornado Intercept Vehicle
A heavily modified 1997 Ford F-450, armored with steel plate and bullet-resistant polycarbonate windows, built to carry an IMAX camera close enough to film a tornado from the inside. Hydraulic claws anchor it to the ground before an intercept.
Creator
Sean Casey
Built
2003
Top Speed
80 mph, 500-mile range
Abandoned on a Kansas farm after Storm Chasers ended in 2011, rediscovered via a scavenger hunt in 2020, and is now being restored.
TIV 2
Tornado Intercept Vehicle 2
A ground-up redesign for higher clearance, 4WD and more speed, built on a Dodge Ram 3500 chassis by 40 welding students at a technical college. Weighs 14,300–16,500 lbs and carries a redesigned IMAX turret with 50% more windows than TIV1.
Creator
Sean Casey
Built
2008
Strongest Intercept
May 27, 2013 — a wedge tornado in Kansas, filmed from inside
UTAV
Urban Tornado Assault Vehicle
An independently built interceptor based on a heavy-duty 1989 Chevrolet Suburban chassis, stretched to roughly 22 feet with welded steel-plate armor and a tubular exoskeleton roll-cage frame protecting the cabin during rollovers.
Creator
Steve Worthington (Hutchinson, KS)
First Intercept
May 22, 2014
One of the best-known independently-built "tank" style interceptors in the community, sold in 2023 to chaser Marshal Phipps for restoration.
Tornado Attack Vehicle
TA-1
Built on a Jeep Baja-racing truck chassis over four years and roughly $550,000, with a 700-horsepower V8, 16-gauge steel armor, shatterproof Lexan glass, a hydraulic system to lower and anchor the chassis, and a NASCAR-style interior with a six-point harness, roll cage and fire suit for the driver.
Creator
Steve Green
First Tornado
June 12, 2004 — an F3 near Mulvane, KS, the first documented deliberate drive-in
Green worked with a young Reed Timmer, who has said the TA-1 was a direct inspiration for the Dominator series.
Armadillo
Independent tank-style interceptor
A little-documented armored interceptor built on a 2003 Chevrolet Tahoe Z71 base, outfitted with airbags, ground-anchoring spikes and weather instruments. Rated by its builder to survive roughly 130 mph undeployed and up to 250 mph deployed.
Creator
Cody Howard, c. 2009–2010
Later Owner
Sold to Tommie Carter Jr. / Texas Vortex storm chase team
Far less formally documented than the TIV or Dominator series — most of what's known comes from the storm-chasing community rather than press coverage.
Storm Piercer (formerly Dorothy)
Iowa Storm Chasing Network
Built on a Ford E-350 van with welded steel armor, Line-X coating and polycarbonate windows, plus hydraulic flaps to keep wind from lifting it. Originally designed to film from the edge of a tornado's circulation rather than drive inside it.
Creator
Brennan Jontz & Dan Auel (Iowa Storm Chasing Network)
Built
Late 2013 – early 2014, as "Dorothy"
Sold to chaser Marshal Phipps around 2020–2023, stripped down, and rebuilt as the "Storm Piercer" — reworked with the goal of directly intercepting a tornado rather than filming from its edge.
Tornado Puncher
Community-associated interceptor
A name that circulates widely in storm-chasing and storm-chasing-simulator communities as a rare, heavily armored interceptor, often mentioned alongside the Armadillo and UTAV.
Unlike the vehicles above, we couldn't verify a builder, base vehicle, or first-intercept date for a real-world "Tornado Puncher" from reliable sources — most references trace back to storm-chasing social media and the Roblox game Twisted rather than documented builds. Treat this one as unconfirmed until better sourcing turns up.
Doghouse
TIV support & filming vehicle
A Dodge Ram 2500 equipped with weather radar, GPS and HD filming gear, used to trail the TIV and capture chase footage rather than to intercept tornadoes itself.
Team
Sean Casey's TIV crew, Discovery's Storm Chasers
Introduced
2009 season
Driven at different points by Matt Hughes and Brandon Ivey; the show's 2010 episode "Dedication" honored Hughes after his death that year.

Semi-Interceptors

Built to work the wind field around a tornado — mapping and probe-placement, not a direct hit.

These vehicles are meant to operate at the edge of a tornado's circulation, gathering wind-field data or placing probes, rather than driving into the core itself.
Subanator / Subativ / TIV 3
Community-associated builds
Names that show up in storm-chasing online communities for Subaru-based "chase car" builds and a rumored third-generation TIV, often discussed alongside the Dominator and TIV lines.
We couldn't confirm a real builder, base vehicle, or intercept history for any of these three from reliable sources — they appear mainly in storm-chasing social media and fan/gaming content (including the Roblox game Twisted). Treat as unconfirmed.
TWISTEX Chevrolet Cobalt (M1–M3)
TWISTEX mesonet vehicles
Three modified Chevrolet Cobalts used by Tim Samaras's TWISTEX team as mobile mesonet cars, fanning out around a target storm to record wind, pressure, temperature and humidity from multiple positions at once.
Team
TWISTEX, driven in part by Tony Laubach (M3)
Role
Ground-truth wind-field mapping alongside the HITPR "turtle" probe deployments
VORTEX2 Probe Trucks
PROBE 1 / PROBE 2
Modified Dodge Ram 1500 pickups used to carry and deploy instrumented pods ahead of tornadoes, working alongside the Doppler on Wheels radars during the VORTEX2 field campaign.
Crew
Justin & Hannah Walker (PROBE 1)
Introduced
2008 season, expanded during VORTEX2 (2009–2010)
Scout
Reconnaissance / navigation vehicle
A lighter, faster SUV used to scout road networks and storm structure ahead of the DOW and TIV teams — originally a 1993 Nissan Pathfinder, later replaced by a Jeep Wrangler.
Crew
Danny Cheresnick & Aaron Ruppert
Role
Part of the Wurman/Casey VORTEX-era chase convoy alongside DOW and TIV

Modified Vehicles & Research Trucks

Everyday vehicles adapted for storm work, plus the mobile radar trucks that guide the interceptors in.

Hail Proof Vehicle
Community-associated build
A name used for hail-resistant chase vehicles fitted with wire cages or plating to protect the body and windows from large hail while filming storms at close range.
No single, well-documented vehicle by this exact name turned up in reliable sources — "hail cages" are a real and fairly common DIY modification among chasers, but we couldn't confirm a specific builder or vehicle matching this entry. Treat as unconfirmed.
Tornado Intercepting Toyota
Community-associated build
A name referenced in storm-chasing circles for a Toyota-based chase vehicle (Tundra/4Runner-style builds are common in the hobby for their reliability and 4WD).
We couldn't verify a specific real-world vehicle, builder, or intercept behind this name from reliable sources. Treat as unconfirmed.
Dominator Fore
Team Dominator support vehicle
A name used across three different stock Subaru Foresters serving as chase-support vehicles for Reed Timmer's Team Dominator — logistics and backup rather than armored intercept.
Team
Reed Timmer / Team Dominator
A related stock Ford F-150, "Dominator Ford," has also run support for the team — likely what's meant by the "& 5" shorthand, though we found no vehicle formally numbered "Dominator 5."
NSSL Mobile Mesonet Trucks
National Severe Storms Laboratory
Modified pickups and vans carrying roof-rack weather instruments (temperature, pressure, humidity, wind) that NSSL scientists drive through storm environments to take real-time surface observations — no armor, built for data, not impact.
Creator
NSSL & University of Oklahoma
First Built
1992, under the name "Mobile Mesonet"
Recent Use
TORUS (2019) and ongoing NSSL field campaigns
DOW 1–8
Doppler on Wheels
A fleet of truck-mounted Doppler radars that map wind fields around tornadoes and hurricanes in real time. DOW1 debuted in 1995; DOW6 and DOW7 (dual X-band systems) became the backbone of VORTEX2; the Rapid-Scan DOW (sometimes called DOW8) can scan a full volume in seconds.
Creator
Joshua Wurman & Karen Kosiba
First Built
1995, University of Oklahoma; debuted in VORTEX-95
Operator
Now under FARM (Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets), University of Alabama in Huntsville
RaXPol
Rapid X-band Polarimetric Radar
A mobile, truck-mounted, dual-polarized radar built for speed — it can complete a full 3D volume scan in about 20 seconds by rotating its dish up to 180° per second, letting it catch fast-evolving tornado structure that slower radars miss.
Creator
University of Oklahoma (led by Howard Bluestein) & ProSensing Inc.
Built
2010–2011, first fielded in the 2011 tornado season
Notable Data
Scanned the formation and multi-vortex structure of the May 31, 2013 El Reno, OK tornado in high temporal detail